Abstract
Regarding the nature of world politics, connectivity has sought to explain a shift in the form of the contemporary world order relating to the rise of a world order driven by global pandemics. However, this paper’s central position is to analyze in terms of its connectivity model during COVID-19. This paper’s vital position is to explore a new and different paradigm of connectivity model in the political system and the internal and external context of India during the COVID-19. Not only that, a detailed analysis of the strategy and policy adopted by the government of India in this pandemic situation has been done. However, as a reaction to the strategy, an attempt has been made to illustrate the human condition in the form of a case study of West Bengal. The second part of the paper is designed as a foundational entry point to International Relations: ‘Smart Business-Connectivity theory’ which has been challenged by COVID-19. It has been structured to condense the most crucial information into the smallest space and present that information in the most assessable manner to introduce this study area freshly. Not only this, with this policy and strategical interest, a detailed explanation and description of how India is advancing the zoning of business and capital investment to meet its economical and energy needs following the pandemic situation are concerned.
Keywords:
Connectivity model, India’s smart business strategy, human trafficking, and labor migration
There are different determinants or yardsticks of international relations, making the linkage between two or more nations practically possible. Connectivity is one of the essential determinants in today’s global system, regulated mainly by international business, trade, and global marketing. These two-phase, such as international business and global marketing, are self-suggestive. It will be discussed on a separate occasion. Let us now concentrate on connectivity and how India is looking at it in its international outlook in pandemic and its vision of post-COVID world order. The connectivity paradigm is not a recent addition to international relations. The term ‘connectivity’ is the postmodern term that is emerging in the theory of international relations. The term ‘connectivity theory’ comes from the economic- commercial-business field. The term ‘communication theory’ has been used most of the time in international relations theory. Although the word ‘communication’ is similar to ‘connectivity’, its theoretical interpretation is entirely different. In world politics, ‘communication’ means ‘directly’ or ‘digitally’ linked between states. On the other hand, the term ‘connectivity’ refers to ‘commercial’ or ‘business trade links with two or more states. It stresses both the macro and micro-elements in the theory of international relations. On the macro level, the paradigm concentrates on the relationship between the rise of contemporary global politics and the larger economic structure and on the role of business and commerce in general. On the micro-level, the paradigm is concerned with how identity and personal behaviour are bound up in particular. The connectivity paradigm offers a specific vision of looking into the different linkages of international relations as associated with new forms of challenges posed by the global pandemic in the name of COVID-19. It presents a unique view of the avenues of connectivity in international relations and the larger sociopolitical environment, how individuals fit into, respond to, and change the system. However, whether this nascent view qualifies as a cogent and empirically grounded paradigm has been seriously examined.
Although there are differing perspectives on the practical implementation of connectivity in international relations, a set of core concepts and beliefs can comprise the paradigm. The central claims are, first, that in the international system, the connectivity is a product of the shift to a post-industrial economy and, second, it is unique and, as such, different from other industrial age strategies. It is said to be a post-material age product, while some refer to it as a mature capitalist or post-industrialism phenomenon. It is seen as a fundamentally effective strategy in International relations from the time of the industrial period. The demands of different connectivity types have moved away from industrialism’s instrumental issues to the quality of life issues of post-materialism. However, when broadly related to the most critical issues of a global pandemic caused by the COVID-19, these observations essentially seems inconsistent, and we perceive a paradigm shift due to the prescription of social distancing to combat the pandemic. However, new strategies are ferreted out to tighten up the bonds of connectivity for a better living. One cannot decry the changes ushered in by the global pandemic in every sphere of our life, including international relations. Thus, new forms of connectivity are the demand of the time for our sustenance, and let us understand India’s approaches in this regard, teaching the global community how to save every citizen’s life in this time of crisis.
The Indian economy has been hit hard by the ongoing Corona Virus (COVID-19) Learned World Crisis as of November 2020 pandemic.1 This devastating effect zipped like a devastating fire with the wind. With some changes, there has been an unprecedented increase in the number of corona patients worldwide.2 The global health crisis has created a global economic crisis. COVID-19, which originated in Wuhan, China, has had a devastating effect on almost every society globally. Due to this particular health crisis worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it a global epidemic. Not only that, but as its devastating effects spread, all the countries were forced to block international connectivity as well as lockdown themselves in the social-civilization system. Also, the lockdown was considered the only and effective method of controlling the epidemic’s spread. Not only that, almost every country adopted this method to prevent the spread of this epidemic. It is because the WHO has not yet discovered the exact treatment of this epidemic. For that reason, the entire world is passing through significant challenges for the existence and uncertainty of livelihood.
The two significant challenges facing the Indian economy at the moment need to be mentioned first. The first is to protect the country from the coronavirus spread, which is a complete health and emergency. Saving lives is a significant concern of the Indian government. The second is to protect the country’s connectivity with communication with the economy and the outside world from the emerging economic crisis due to the dual effects of the coronavirus epidemic and the global and national lockdown.
Countries around the world are facing severe consequences and losses in the economy. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), many economies may face negative per capita income growth in 2020 due to the coronavirus epidemic. In its latest forecast, the World Trade Organization (WTO) indicated an apparent decline in world trade from 13% to 32% in 2020, perhaps the most significant decline since the Great Depression in the economy of the 1930s. The IMF has also cut its growth forecast for the Indian economy, boosting GDP growth by the financial year 2021 estimated to 1.9% from 5.8%. In the recent global economic outlook, the IMF has projected a 7.4% growth target for the Indian economy in January 2021.3
Although India has managed to control the virus’s spread, the epidemic has severely disrupted the country’s economic activities and lives. Not only that, the epidemic has severely affected India’s trade system. As a result, connectivity with other countries has been closed naturally. Currently, businesses are at extreme risk for the emerging economic crisis as people are facing sudden losses in their income, resulting in declining demand. India has announced multiple financial and monetary stimulus packages to save the economy. For that reason, smart business strategic interests are at loggerheads. Now, the moot question is what a connectivity system in international relations theory is?
Connectivity is a system that links a country in the social, economic, and political spheres. Not only that, exchanges of culture, diasporas, science and technologies interactions, NGOs links, various goods, medical instruments, experts communication in various subjects, and energy supplies are also included in this connectivity model with another country. With globalization comes the expansion of connectivity between the countries of the world. Many theories in international relations like the Copenhagen School of approach (Barry Bozan, Jaapde Wilde and Ole Waeve), the Institutionalization theorists (Plato and Aristotle down to Locke, Hobbs, and Madison), the neo-liberalists and the neo-realists are emphasized the connectivity issues in this paradigm. Connectivity and security are two words that accelerate the international system vis-à- vis state’s foreign policy. So, this might be said that connectivity is a term that directly controls a country’s security system and developing internet system and economic interests and integration. Nevertheless, when the COVID-19 pandemic situation has swallowed in the world, the entire global social-economic and political system have been blocked. Since March, the death ratios are gradually increasing day by day. The Corona Virus has swallowed North America, Brazil, Italy, Germany, France, and South Asia. Without proper direct connectivity between inter-states and intra-states, the entire world economic system is falling within days. For that, all international relations experts realize a new horizon that reveals new foundations of connectivity theory is concerned. The rise of great powers and the struggles of developing countries have always been discussed in international relations theory. People understand that there is a greater need for advanced medical treatment than powerful missiles. Not only that, but all the countries of the world must move forward and join hands together, without showing the fear of arms. This togetherness is called cooperation and enhances the connectivity system. At present, it is possible to assume that the need for energy resources and connectivity is not limited to arms competition; it is primarily required in medical research centres. For that reason, the demand for energy resources is increasing after the COVID-19 period. As a result, expanding connectivity with energy-producing countries has become very important. In this way, there are two essential means for defining the connectivity in the political system sphere. These two are an internal aspect of connectivity and external factors of connectivity for a country like India during the pandemic situation of COVID-19.
For that reason, West Bengal’s state has been taken for the case study. In West Bengal, the government took several initiatives during the lockdown period to protect this pandemic wave. During the lockdown, the schools, cinema halls, swimming pools, entertainment parks, coaching institutions, social, political, sports, entertainment, academic, cultural, religious functions and other large congregations were closed by the ministerial order. However, from August 5 2020, the Yoga institutes and Gymnasiums outside the containment zones would allow by West Bengal’s government. Before August, there was complete lockdown except for the health services, patients by public and private transport, medical shops and pharmacies, courts, correlational services, fire and emergency services, electricity, water and conservancy services, agricultural operations, tea garden operations in the field, intrastate and interstate movement of goods, E-Commerce, Capital and debt market services notified by Reserve Bank of India (RBI), print, electronic media and social media, and home delivery of cooked food and as so on. In every West Bengal district, the District Magistrates assessed the local situation directly following norms like physical distancing, wearing masks, and maintaining health and hygiene. However, in this pandemic situation, the internet system played a significant role to maintain an adequate connectivity system. In West Bengal, after August, the government announced a lockdown limited to a few days. The government announced the date on the first week of August and September.
However, all bank’s branches had been opened during the total lockdown period. Nevertheless, Bengal still celebrates the famous festivals of Durga Puja with the proper rule and regulations of COVID-19. From July, private transport on the highways had been allowed, but private owners needed the government’s permission and the local police station’s permission to move one city to another. For that reason, adequate connectivity had still a challenge. The migrants of labours from one city to another had restricted. In every West Bengal metropolitan cities, there were many COVID checkings and testing at the entry point. In West Bengal, two major cities like Kolkata and Asansol, are about 230 kilometres apart, four COVID checkpoints were built on the road. After the Durga Puja, some occasions had taken place, like marriage ceremony, birthday celebrations, reception, and maintaining the protocol. There only 50 people were allowed to participate in this occasions. For this, a strict local police investigation was carried out. Internet connectivity went very viral during this lockdown, which had been realized by the people and government of West Bengal during the devastating cyclone, namely, ‘Umphun’. During this cyclone, the districts like South 24 Parganas, Kolkata, Howrah, Midnaipur and some places in North 24 Parganas were poorly affected. There were no electricity, internet connectivity, water supplies, and transport linkages for the 15-20 days. The workers or labours did not come fast to that affected areas due to the proper transport system, and for that reason, all the governmental works were stopped.
The communication and connectivity system plays a crucial role in the internal parts of the country. The Central and State Governments have always maintained direct communication and connectivity during the lockdown period. Tribal villages in West Bengal, bordering Jharkhand, Bihar and Odisha, have voluntarily initiated measures to practise social distancing and isolation to fight the spread of the highly infectious novel coronavirus. Residents in dozens of tribal villages in Purulia, West Midnapore, Bankura, Jhargram and Birbhum have blocked their villages’ entry-exit points with bricks, bamboo and tree logs. They had even put placards, ‘Grame Probesh Nishedh (No entry to the village)’. In some villages, the tribal population had blocked the outsiders’ entry to protect their relatives and other villagers. The migrants, who had returned, were even willingly staying out of the villages in Purulia. This had opined by the District Magistrate in Purulia. The steps had taken by these tribals stand in sharp contrast to the incidents of quarantine norm violations by people in urban areas of the state.
The residents have cordoned off at least 11 villages in Para, Puncha, Barrabazzar, Balarampur, Bagmundi blocks in Purulia, at least five villages in Birbhum’s Suri and Sainthia blocks, and a couple of villages in Jhargram. In the Nayagram block, Panchayat Samiti in the Jhargram district had more than 80 per cent of tribal villages. Meanwhile, some migrants even approached the block officers, requesting isolation, while the villagers had been calling the authorities regularly to give updates on those returning from other states. The government took several initiatives to those migrants’ labours for opening the primary schools and panchayat’s pathagar (coaching centre in rural areas), and clubs turned into quarantine centres.4
For an energy deficit country like India, the connectivity system’s closure with a foreign market has had a substantial negative impact on the economic system. The rose of petrol, diesel, and other petroleum prices is challenging workers, labourers, and middle-class people day by day. The petrol prices day by day is significantly rising. The petrol and diesel prices cross 85 rupees and 80 rupees, which is a significant burden for India’s middle-class people. Therefore, it is possible to assume that the current theory has narrowed this missile-centric discussion and expanded the energy security studies explanation position. Due to the lockdown for COVID-19, India’s connectivity with the world’s energy-producing states was cut off due to a lack of connectivity. As a result, it causes an energy vacuum.
Below, a chart shape (Figure) shows that the pandemic-driven crisis and potential foreign policy effects also emphasize a challenge in the energy security system in India:
Figure: Foreign Policy Effects in India and it’s Pandemic Situations, Challenges in the Energy Security System5`
For the past ten months, the wave of COVID-19 has been sweeping the minds of thinking people worldwide. This wave has touched all areas of human life in many ways. We, the researchers of international relations, have been greatly influenced in this regard. The way the world system was run before the coronavirus attack, the various regulators of the world system changed their strategic character under this virus’s influence. Various aspects of chemicals and biological warfare has been explored. However, the zeal for economic progress has made people ignorant. People have done enormous damage to the environment and the entire ecosystem as they move up the economic development ladder.
The following figure deals with three challenges. First, the Corona Virus-driven health crisis; Second, identify the challenges facing India in terms of economic recovery; and third, identify the challenges in trade and connectivity.
Globalization and COVID-19
Globalization not only opens the way for markets but also adds wings to contagion. Not only that, the impact of globalization is that any contagion can spread at any time without meeting geographical, political, and social boundaries. The reason is that globalization is called good connectivity in the world. The source of COVID is from Wuhan, China, and in a short time, COVID spread to every corner of the world. However, it is essential to note that until the COVID vaccine reaches every region of the world, this contagion poses a threat to the medical community. Global organizations have built world-class value chain circuits centred on China, companies, and governments worldwide to stay competitive, especially in times of national realization of the erosion of such national architecture around the world. When the Wuhan epidemic spreads and countries close their doors to China, their connectivity chains are cut off from their businesses and directly linked economies and media by the government. Due to this, the situation and situation in China became very helpless.
However, over time, the virus itself may lose its vitality. However, with the onset of winter in India in late 2020, the virus is gaining strength. Infections are also on the rise. For this reason, several countries in Europe have announced a re-lockdown. In this case, however, the standard model of synthesis and mitigation may be developed. According to this model, we learn to live with viruses. That is, to survive the virus, our body learns to build immunity on its own. Whatever the situation in the outside world, India’s death rate is much lower than in the outside world.
Even the governments of the top developed countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Italy, provide COVID-19 testing kits, ventilators, personal protective equipment (PPE), sanitizers, masks, gloves, heat guns, heat cameras, stethoscope amplifiers, disinfectants, etc. for the world. For that reason, the small states become dependent on others. Again, developing countries will face severe challenges in their economies and politics. It is because all these countries’ business entities have been cut off from marketing their electronics and electrical products, automobiles, pharmaceutical products, etc. As a result, all the developed and developing countries of the world are forced to move away from their smart business strategy during this COVID-19 period.
India’s Economy and Connectivity scenario during COVID-19
In addition to formal international trade, there is a lot of informal border trade in the northeastern states, especially with neighbouring countries, through various land customs stations. Also, India has international trade. Most of these are crops; poultry, fishery, garden crops, are significant. However, this emergency has severely affected trade. Producers either failed to harvest on time or failed to sell them at a fair price. However, in the case of transportation, producers are forced to pay higher prices for their receipts. Lack of proper market management connectivity has led to imbalances in regional supply-demand systems and substantial social welfare losses.6
The aftermath of the lockdown offers a unique opportunity. Due to t h e lack of other economic activities and lack of human traffic on roads, railways, and airways, the infrastructure space has suddenly become proficient in terms of goods movement. During regular times, road connectivity is getting more congested in metropolitan cities during the daytime. In addition to delivering goods by trucks and trains, the airlifting of goods and medical equipment can be expanded easily as airline slots are vacant. All this will help in the faster movement of goods during the lockdown time. Nevertheless, India’s foreign trade and connectivity with abroad have come to a standstill due to workers’ unavailability at airports and seaports. However, Small farmers growing perishable items should be allowed to directly sell their products in the urban market. Policing should be done to monitor hygiene and social distancing in these markets and at the ports and airports.
For inter-state connectivity, it will be prudent to involve large industries to manage the supply chain. The corporate can use these migrant workers, who have skills such as driving, speaking, and negotiating in vernacular languages. In this pandemic situation, some welfare works and activities took place to link civilization by non-governmental organizations or NGOs. Such as Alibaba Group Sectors BigBasket, Dailyhunt, Healofy, Paytm Mall, Paytm.com, TicketNew, Vidooly, Xpressbees, Rapido, Snapdeal, Zomato, E-commerce, Search Engine, Media, Social Media & Entertainment, Logistics, Fintech, Aggregator, Others Tencent Sectors Byju’s, Ola, Doubtnut, Dream 11, Flipkart, Niyo, Gaana, Hike, Khatabook, MXPlayer, Mygate, Pine labs, Pocket FM, Practo, Swiggy, Udaan Education, Logistics, Gaming, E-commerce, Media, Social Media & Entertainment, Fintech, Aggregator, Others XIAOMI (Shunwei Capital) Sectors City Mall, Hungama Digital Media Entertainment Pvt. Ltd., Marsplay Internet, Oye! Rickshaw, Rapido, Sharechat, ZestMoney, E-commerce, Fintech, Aggregator, Media, Social Media & Entertainment like Alibaba, ByteDance, and Tencent, which have funded 92 Indian start-ups, including unicorns such as PayTM, Byju’s, OYO, and Ola.7
Now the moot question is, will India be a loser or a winner under this changing dynamics of the global economic-connectivity and smart business strategic system?
In the following analysis, the short-run impacts are going to be negative as expected. It should be noted that it is not only with the transfer of goods and investments that it closes, however, but more severe effects can also be seen on the labour movement. India has always provided ‘skilled human capital to the world. India has always been arrogant about this. Perhaps it is possible to assume that India has lost this arrogance in the pandemic situation.
The biggest challenge facing India in this situation is the field of digitalization. All the service sectors in India are lagging in many respects only in terms of digitalization. Because in many cases, it is seen that many experienced experts are not able to attend the web-miner properly as they are not proficient in digitalization. Alternatively, many students in rural India still do not use digital products that way today. As a result, India is facing various challenges in the field of digitalization. That is, the concept of globalization has changed a lot in recent times. Examples of the various digitalization of the market are also given in the above explanation. Many companies have been named earlier. It has been shown that people can only stay connected with the market at home due to digitalization. It can be said that the connectivity of the market has changed.
The research paper has shown how connectivity has become a more significant issue in the present pandemic situation. Nowadays, no development is possible without connectivity. However, it seems that internal and external connectivity needs to be improved. In this context, two issues come up centring on the issue of connectivity. Internal connectivity protects the country’s market economy, and external connectivity protects trade relations with other countries.
India has succeeded mainly in making economic and political decisions in terms of internal connectivity. It is because most of the supply of the goods of the Indian market system is in line with the country’s domestic goods production system. On the other hand, India’s internal energy production cannot meet its demand to that extent. So in most cases, India has to meet its surplus of energy by maintaining its multilateral relations with foreign countries – that is, by importing energies like crude oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear elements. A notable example of this is the Chabahar Agreement. It has connected India with Central Asia’s enormous energy potential, particularly the Caspian Sea region’s states like Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Federal Russia, and Azerbaijan. However, in this pandemic situation, most of the bodies in India have been severed. As a result, energy imports from the country and abroad have significantly been reduced. In the COVID-19 situation, this is the negative effect of India in its smart business strategic policy.
Initiatives for cooperation by regional organizations to India
Almost every country in the world has taken drastic measures to save its nation from the COVID-19. Regional cooperation is seen as vital for effectively addressing everyday challenges. As this paper is presented in light of the Indian perspective as a whole, it is presented here in the context of the interactions of regional organizations with India. For example, with the support of SAARC leaders, all member states have the opportunity to come together in one place via a video conference on March 15, 2020.8 Among other decisions, the South Asian leaders have decided to launch a regional fund to address the crisis. An electronic platform with health experts was launched. A follow-up video conference of senior health officials was then held, where countries discussed several important issues, ranging from specific protocols to screening products and people at points of entry and communication. Emergency response teams launched an online training camp. Measures to enhance technical cooperation, training, and capacity, among others, are also proposed. Not only that, most of these initiatives have now been successful.
While the need to fight the epidemic is widespread, this regional effort is not just about sharing responsibilities; it is an excellent start to reactivate the SAARC process. A few days later, the leaders of the G-20 countries held an online summit and pledged to spend US$5.5 trillion on the world economy to reduce the economic and social impact of COVID-19.9 India also had telecommunications with several Indo-Pacific countries to deal with COVD-19. Indian diplomacy has received a brilliant response. However, the same initiative has not yet taken place in BIMSTEC or between India and ASEAN. On the other hand, ASEAN and the EU called a high-level video conference in March 2020 to discuss the COVID-19 situation. ASEAN and the EU have agreed to continue working together to reduce the impact of COVID- 19 on social and economic development.
They agreed to enhance further exchanges and cooperation in addressing the issue through regular exchanges between ASEAN and EU officials and experts. The ASEAN and Chinese Foreign Ministers met on February 20 in Vientiane, Lao PDR, for an extraordinary ASEAN-China Foreign Ministers’ Meeting on February 20 2000, at COVID-19.10 Among others, ASEAN and China leaders agreed to increase cooperation in the region, as opposed to COVID-19 in the region, including the timely exchange of information and best practices, information on available epidemics, technical guidelines, and epidemic prevention and control solutions, including diagnostic solutions. Aspects of treatment and monitoring, emergency preparedness, and capacity building in response; and mitigate disruptions to emergency medical supplies’ supply chain and promote research and development of drugs and vaccines.
There are rich lessons to be learned from COVID-infected countries. For example, South Korea and Taiwan can control the destruction with rapid testing and targeted solutions. There are still no deaths in Vietnam from COVID-19. China has enlisted digital technology to control the spread of COVID-19 in other major cities on the mainland. Common to all is the application of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI-ML), Big Data Analysis. The COVID-19 transitions and the data and information can be shared on a real-time basis in COVID-19. There are several channels through which the prevalence of COVID-19 can affect the Indian economy (or any issue for which there is an economy), with the most significant supply chain deviation.
Along with the slowdown in manufacturing and service activities, job losses are on the rise. The workers return to their homes in remote places, leaving the upcoming crop in uncertainty. The lack of orders could eventually lead to massive trade contraction. Further depreciation of the Indian rupee is not far off. There are also disruptions to air travel, declining travel and tourism, contractions in the outdoor entertainment industry, rising bankruptcies, and NPAs. However, it cannot be denied the short-term effects, increased mortality and instability, the continuity of complex diseases and epidemics. As a result, this push could spread to other sectors and economies through trade and manufacturing connections. This could lead to economic duplication, especially between China and other countries, forcing China to focus more on domestic use.
Summing up
Currently, connectivity is one of the most significant concepts. So in this paper, connectivity has been highlighted as the foundation of international relations. For this reason, since the arrival of this contagion or Corona Virus, the theory of international relations and the content of politics have changed significantly. Not only that, the concept of globalization has changed drastically in this COVID-19 stage. It has been reviewed in detail in this paper. Not only that, the expansion of relations between India and international organizations has also been highlighted with a focus on economic-social connectivity directly and digitally. Now, it is noteworthy that communication and connectivity is not the same thing. However, most of the time, these two words are used as complementary words above. The term ‘communication’ is widely used in the theory of international relations. The reason is that to expand relations with two or more states, it is necessary to approach them ‘directly and digitally’. However, according to political-economic experts, the term ‘communication’ and ‘connectivity is not equivalent. ‘Connectivity’ is a means of link through which human movement and various valuable and heavy or liquid products or energy resources can be imported and exported from one country to another. Communication is widely used in the theory of international relations, but in the present century, connectivity is an advanced system and theoretical explanation – by which countries all over the world want to be connected. One of the reasons for this connection is energy demand.
For this reason, energy security studies are one of the most critical topics in the interpretation of connectivity theories and political practices in international relations. However, it is noteworthy that connectivity is not possible without communication. Because communication is possible from a distance even if the higher officials are not directly present, but to connectivity, a direct link must be formed with two or more states. These links include transport links (road, rail, and sea route), pipeline connectivity, air links. However, one thing needs to be said here that many countries are importing and exporting energy and capital flow or share-basket by combining two major elements (communication and connectivity). This valuable link is called the Swap Deal system. However, the only way forward is for India to introduce the theory of connectivity and energy security in the ‘smart business strategy as the key to defending itself from this pandemic situation. However, during COVID-19, all the countries were compelled to block international travel and lockdown themselves, ultimately hindering the process of connectivity for survival, as the lockdown was considered the only and effective method of controlling the spread of the epidemic. During this time, communication was successful with every country in the world. This communication has been through various online web-miners or video calling. The High officials and journalists of each country were connected through this communication system. Almost every country had to adopt this method for accurate awareness to prevent the spread of the epidemic and infections, but they did it after sacrificing many lives. It is because the same treatment of the epidemic has not yet been discovered. India took no time to take every possible precautionary method to adopt the strategy
Furthermore, saved the life of maximum people by developing its economy because India always believes in human empowerment. Still, the entire world is passing through another wave of the coronavirus attack; for that reason, this challenging the existence of livelihood and uncertainty is distressing the world market connectivity profoundly.
References
- Anusree , “COVID-19 and Indian FDI Policy”, this article is available in “COVID-19 Challenges for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Effects”, EEPC and AIC, 2020
- Bonnie Jenkins and Bruce Jones., “Reopening the World: The WHO, international institutions, and the COVID-19 response” BROOKINGS, June 2020
- Department of Commerce, Government of India (2019), Trade
- Prabir De is Professor at the Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi in his article co-edited by Suranjan Gupta is Executive Director of the Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC), New Delhi, on “Introduction: Coping with Corona Crisis”, in the “COVID-19 CHALLENGES FOR THE INDIAN ECONOMY: TRADE AND FOREIGN POLICY EFFECTS”, EEPC and AIC, 2020
- Saint Petersburg Accountability Report on G20 Development Commitments Reports, Saint Petersberg, Russia, 2013, Chapter on ‘TRADE’
- A video conference held on March 15 2020, online video show uploaded by INDIA TODAY, this online webinar has shown in the https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/pm-modi-leads- video-conference-saarc-leaders-coronavirus-1655820-2020-03-15/
- https://www.gapcritique.in/indias-energy-security-and-india-turkmenistan-relations/
- https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-05-01-20-intl/index.html/
- https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/imf-projects-indias-growth-rate- at-1-9-in-2020-forecasts-global-recession-due-to-covid-19/articleshow/75142792.cms?from=mdr/
- https://youtube.com/watch?v=2dEYUYa3tqs&list=PL8YXCAVvtM1MB 8SYaXODE0O C_qBF5Ep&ab_channel/
